The lowest NCO gene rate of conversion
One website name stands out because an excellent recombinational wasteland. No CO otherwise gene conversion process experiences was thought in the a more or less 400 kb region related the 2 connected sex devotion genetics, csd and you can fem (A https://datingranking.net/jaumo-review/ lot more document step 1: Shape S14). I recommend that, given that heterozygosity out-of csd decides the new sex from honeybee [56,57] and you can diploid homozygotes try sterile guys, gene sales within website name might be disadvantageous. As the gene conversion is associated both with CO and you can NCO incidents, the recombination shall be abolished to quit homogenization. An absence of recombination and pushes both loci to act due to the fact one haplotype.
The results really stands from inside the striking evaluate so you’re able to an early on report that receive exceptionally higher CO pricing in the vicinity of this new csd locus. A prospective solution of your inconsistent states is the fact during the brand new quick area of the genes there is absolutely no recombination, this is counterbalanced of the unusually higher pricing regarding spans proximal towards desert. Less resolution data create detect the higher cost on spans. In line with that it we to see a leading peak regarding recombination within the the new quick location of plateau (A lot more file step 1: Profile S14).
Talk
Our very own data add to the belief you to definitely social hymenoptera provides both higher and extremely adjustable crossing-over pricing. Indeed, the rate ranged ranging from 0 and you can 197 cM/Mb when measured inside the non-overlapping 200 kb windows round the chromosomes (Shape 3, Shape S8 in Even more document step 1 and you can Dining table S6 for the Extra document dos), indicating the fresh new very rough distribution of crossovers in the genome. New shape out of 37 cM/Mb, if you find yourself high to own pet, is still lower than one seen for the majority of fungi and protozoans, in which cost more than sixty cM/Mb was stated . Toward best of our very own training, this new imagine suggests a high crossing-more than speed than noticed in one plant otherwise creature.
While our study finds evidence consistent with several theoretical predictions, cause and effect are always hard to disentangle from correlation alone. For example, in principle the diversity/crossing-over coupling is also consistent with the notion that crossing over occurs preferentially in domains of high diversity and with the notion that crossing over is mutagenic . Similarly, the correlation between recombination rate and GC content is consistent with both the possibility that crossing over forces a high GC content and with the possibility that a high GC content favors increased crossing over. The conventional wisdom holds that recombination forces heteroduplexes within which mismatches require resolution. If this resolution is biased towards G and C residues (biased gene conversion), then a correlation between GC and recombination rate is expected . Previous analyses in honey bee have demonstrated fixation biases toward GC in high recombination parts of the genome . Evidence to support this direction for the causal arrow requires SNP analysis showing a bias to AT- > GC SNPs being fixed (or otherwise favored) compared to GC- > AT SNPs at sites of recombination. The key events here are most probably crossover-associated gene conversion events, but for these we cannot determine the direction of conversion and we are likely to be missing the majority of them. In our identified NCO events, if u is the number of AT > GC SNPs per A or T and v is the number of GC > AT SNPs per G or C, then the ratio of u/v is 1.06, which is slightly greater than the null (from stochastic simulations with 10,000 repeats: P <0.08). Being on the edge of significance, we cannot robustly say that NCO is or is not associated with GC-biased gene conversion.